Supporting Research by Technique

Sensorimotor

Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS)

Alashram, A.R., Annino, G., & Mercuri, N. B. (2019). Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait rehabilitation for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 69, 287-288. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.080

Arias, P., Cudeiro, J. (2008). Effects of rhythmic sensory stimulation (auditory, visual) on gait in Parkinson’s disease patients. Exp Brain Res. 186 (4), 589-601. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1263-y

Baker, K., Rochester, L., & Nieuwboer, A. (2008). The effect of cues on gait variability—Reducing the attentional cost of walking in people with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 14(4), 314-320. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.09.008

Baram Y, Lenger R. (2012). Gait improvement in patients with cerebral palsy by visual and auditory feedback. Neuromodulation. 15(1),48-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00412.x

Baram, Y. & Miller, A. (2007). Auditory feedback control for improvement of gait in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurological Sciences, 254, 90-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.003

Benoit, C. E., Dalla Bella, S., Farrugia, N., Obrig, H., Mainka, S., & Kotz, S. A. (2014). Musically cued gait-training improves both perceptual and motor timing in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 494. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00494

Bharathi, G., Jayaramayya, K., Balasubramanian, V., & Vellingiri, B. (2019). The potential role of rhythmic entrainment and music therapy intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 15(2), 180–186. doi:10.12965/jer.1836578.289

Blecher, T., Tal, I., & Ben-Shachar, M. (2016). White matter microstructural properties correlate with sensorimotor synchronization abilities. NeuroImage 138, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.022

Braun Janzen, T., Haase, M., & Thaut, M. H. (2019). Rhythmic priming across effector systems: A randomized controlled trial with parkinson’s disease patients. Human Movement Science, 64, 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.001

Bryant M.S., Rintala D.H., Lai E.C., Protas E.J. (2009). An evaluation of self-administration of auditory cueing to improve gait in people with Parkinson’s disease. Clinical Rehabilitation. 23(12), 1078-1085. doi: 10.1177/0269215509337465

Buard, I., Dewispelaere, W. B., Teale, P., Rojas, D. C., Kronberg, E., Thaut, M. H., Kluger, B. M. (2019). Auditory entrainment of motor responses in older adults with and without Parkinson’s disease: An MEG study. Neuroscience Letters, 708. doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134331

Buard, I., Dewispelaere, W. B., Thaut, M., & Kluger, B. M. (2019). Preliminary neurophysiological evidence of altered cortical activity and connectivity with neurologic music therapy in parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00105

Bukowska, A. A., Krężałek, P., Mirek, E., Bujas, P., & Marchewka, A. (2015). Neurologic music therapy training for mobility and stability rehabilitation with Parkinson’s disease–A pilot study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00710

Cameron, D. J., Pickett, K. A., Earhart, G. M., & Grahn, J. A. (2016). The effect of dopaminergic medication on beat-based auditory timing in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Neurology 7, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00019

Carver, F. W., Fuchs, A., Jantzen, K. J., & Kelso, J. (2002). Spatiotemporal analysis of the neuromagnetic response to rhythmic auditory stimulation: Rate dependence and transient to steady-state transition. Clinical Neurophysiology,113(12), 1921-1931. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00299-7

Cha, Y., Kim, Y., Hwang, S., & Chung, Y. (2014). Intensive gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation 35(4), 681–688. doi: 10.3233/nre-141182

Clair AA, O’Konski M. (2006). The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on gait characteristics of cadence, velocity, and stride length in persons with late stage dementia. J Music Ther. 43(2), 154-63. doi: 10.1093/jmt/43.2.154

Conklyn, D., Stough, D., Novak, E., Paczak, S., Chemali, K., & Bethoux, F. (2010). A home-based walking program using rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait performance in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study. Neurorehabilitation And Neural Repair, 24(9), 835-842. doi: 10.1093/jmt/43.2.154

Cubo E., Leurgans S., Goetz C.G. (2004). Short-term and practice effects of metronome pacing in Parkinson’s disease patients with gait freezing while in the ‘on’ state: randomized single blind evaluation. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 10(8), 507-510. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.05.001

de Bruin N., Doan J.B., Turnbull G., Suchowersky O., Bonfield S., Hu B., Brown L.A. (2010). Walking with music is a safe and viable tool for gait training in Parkinson’s disease: the effect of a 13-week feasibility study on single and dual task walking. Parkinsons Disorders. 483530. doi: 10.4061/2010/483530

de Dreu M.J., van der Wilk A.S., Poppe E., Kwakkel G., van Wegen E.E. (2012). Rehabilitation, exercise therapy and music in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of the effects of music-based movement therapy on walking ability, balance and quality of life. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 18, S114-119. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8020(11)70036-0

de l’Etoile SK. (2008). The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the gait parameters of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: an exploratory pilot study. Int J Rehabil Res, 31(2),155-157. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0b013e3282fc0f44

Del Olmo, Aria P., Furio, M., Pozo, M., & Cudeiro, J. (2006). Evaluation of the effect of training using auditory stimulation on rhythmic movement in Parkinsonian patients—a combined motor and [18F]-FDG PET study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 12(3), 155-164. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.11.002

Dozza, M., Chiari, L., Hlavacka, F., Cappello, A., & Horak, F.B. (2006). Effects of linear versus sigmoid coding of visual or audio biofeedback for the control of upright stance. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems & Rehabilitation Engineering, 14(4), 505-512. doi: 10.1109/tnsre.2006.886732

Elsner, B., Schöler, A., Kon, T., & Mehrholz, J. (2019). Walking with rhythmic auditory stimulation in chronic patients after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. doi: 10.1002/pri.1800

Erra, C., Mileti, I., Germanotta, M., Petracca, M., Imbimbo, I., De Biase, A., … & Padua, L. (2019). Immediate effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait kinematics in Parkinson’s disease ON/OFF medication. Clinical Neurophysiology, 130(10), 1789-1797. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.013

Fernández-del-Olmo, M., & Cudeiro Mazaira, F. J. (2003). A simple procedure using auditory stimuli to improve movement in Parkinson´ s disease: a pilot study. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8258830_A_simple_procedure_using_auditory_stimuli_to_improve_movement_in_Parkinson’s_disease_A_pilot_study

Ford, M., Wagenaar, R., Newell, K. (2007). The effects of auditory rhythms and instruction on walking patterns in individuals post stroke. Gait and Posture, 26, 150-155. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.007

Ford, M. P., Malone, L. A., Nyikos, I., Yelisetty, R., & Bickel, C. S. (2010). Gait training with progressive external auditory cueing in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 91(8), 1255-1261. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.012

Frazzitta, G, Maestri, R, Uccellini, D, Bertotti, G, Abelli, P. (2009). Rehabilitation treatment of gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease with freezing: a comparison between two physical therapy protocols using visual and auditory cues with or without treadmill training. Movement Disorders. 24(8), 1139-43. doi: 10.1002/mds.22491

Freedland, R.L., Festa, C., Sealy, M., McBean, A., Elghazaly, P., Capan, A., Brozycki, L., Nelson, A.J., & Rothman, J. (2002). The effects of pulsed auditory stimulation on various gait measurements in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation, 17 (1), 81-87. doi: 10.3233/nre-2002-17110

Freeman, J.S., Cody, F.W., & Schady, W. (1993). The influence of external timing cues upon the rhythm of voluntary movements in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 56, 1078-1084. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.56.10.1078

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Ghai, S., Ghai, I., & Effenberg, A. O. (2017). Effect of rhythmic auditory cueing on gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 14, 43–59. doi: 10.2147/ndt.s148053

Ghai, S., Ghai, I., & Effenberg, A. O. (2018). Effect of rhythmic auditory cueing on aging gait: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging and Disease 9(5), 901–923. doi: 10.14336/ad.2017.1031

Ghai, S., Ghai, I., Schmitz, G., & Effenberg, A. O. (2018). Effect of rhythmic auditory cueing on Parkinsonian gait: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 8, 506. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16232-5

Goldshtrom Y, Knorr G, Goldshtrom I. (2010). Rhythmic exercises in rehabilitation of TBI patients: a case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 14(4), 336-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.06.002

Hausdorff, J. M., Lowenthal, J., Herman, T., Gruendlinger, L., Peretz, C., & Giladi, N. (2007). Rhythmic auditory stimulation modulates gait variability in Parkinson’s disease. European Journal of Neuroscience, 26(8), 2369-2375. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05810.x

Hesse, S. & Werner, C., & Bardeleben, A. (2004). Electromechanical gait training with functional electrical stimulation: Case studies in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 42, 346-52. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101595

Hesse, S. & Werner, C. (2003). Post-stroke motor dysfunction and spasticity: Novel pharmacological and physical treatment strategies. CNS Drugs, 17, 1070-1093. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200317150-00004

Hove, M. et al. (2012). Interactive rhythmic auditory stimulation reinstates natural 1/f timing in gait of Parkinson’s patients. PLoS ONE, 7(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032600

Howe, T. E., Lövgreen, B., Cody, F. W., Ashton, V. J., & Oldham, J. A. (2003). Auditory cues can modify the gait of persons with early-stage Parkinson’s disease: a method for enhancing parkinsonian walking performance? Clinical Rehabilitation, 17(4), 363-367. doi: 10.1191/0269215503cr621oa

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Hurt, C.P., Rice, R.R., McIntosh, G.C., & Thaut, M.H. (1998). Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait training for patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Music Therapy, 35, 228-241. doi: 10.1093/jmt/35.4.228

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Jeong, S., Kim, M.T. (2007). Effects of a theory-driven music and movement program for stroke survivors in a community setting. Applied Nursing Research, 20(3), 125-31. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2007.04.005

Kadivar, Z., Corcos, D. M., Foto, J., & Hondzinski, J. M. (2011). Effect of step training and rhythmic auditory stimulation on functional performance in Parkinson patients. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 25(7), 626-635. doi: 10.1177/1545968311401627

Kaipust, J. P., McGrath, D., Mukherjee, M., & Stergiou, N. (2013). Gait variability is altered in older adults when listening to auditory stimuli with differing temporal structures. Annals of biomedical engineering, 41(8), 1595-1603.doi: 10.1007/s10439-012-0654-9

Kelly, G., & Pool, J. (2019). Rhythmic auditory stimulation in gait rehabilitation for children and youth following acquired brain injury. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 26(6), 12-12. doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2019.26.6.12

Kim J.S., Oh D.W., Kim S.Y., Choi J.D. (2011). Visual and kinesthetic locomotor imagery training integrated with auditory step rhythm for walking performance of patients with chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil. 25(2),134-45. doi: 10.1177/0269215510380822

Kim, S. J., Kwak, E. E., Park, E. S., & Cho, S. R. (2012). Differential effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation and neurodevelopmental treatment/Bobath on gait patterns in adults with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical rehabilitation, 26(10), 904-914. doi: 10.1177/0269215511434648

Kim, S. J., Kwak, E. E., Park, E. S., Lee, D. S., Kim, K. J., Song, J. E., & Cho, S. R. (2011). Changes in gait patterns with rhythmic auditory stimulation in adults with cerebral palsy. NeuroRehabilitation, 29(3), 233-241. doi: 10.3233/nre-2011-0698

Kim, J. S., & Oh, D. W. (2012). Home-based auditory stimulation training for gait rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 24(8), 775-777. doi: 10.1589/jpts.24.775

Koshimori, Y., & Thaut, M. H. (2018). Future perspectives on neural mechanisms underlying rhythm and music based neurorehabilitation in parkinson’s disease. Ageing Research Reviews, 47, 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.001

Koshimori, Y., Strafella, A., Valli, M., Sharma, V., Cho, S. S., Houle, S., & Thaut, M. H. (2018). Motor synchronization to rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) attenuates dopamine response in the ventral striatum in young healthy adults. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience 670, 15. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00106

Kwak, E.E. (2007). Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait performance in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Journal of Music Therapy, 44, 198-216. doi: 10.1093/jmt/44.3.198

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Lei, J., Conradi, N., Abel, C., Frisch, S., Brodski-Guerniero, A., Hildner, M., … & Schmidt-Kassow, M. (2019). Cognitive effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A P300 study. Brain Research, 1716, 70-79. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.016

de L’Etoile, S.K. (2008). The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on the gait parameters of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury: An exploratory pilot study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 31, 155-157. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0b013e3282fc0f44

Lim, I., van Wegen, E., de Goede, C., Deutekom, M., Nieuwboer, A., Willems, A., … & Kwakkel, G. (2005). Effects of external rhythmical cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Clinical rehabilitation, 19(7), 695-713. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr906oa

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Ma, H.I., Hwang, W.J., & Lin, K.C. (2009). The effects of two different auditory stimuli on functional arm movement in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a dual-task paradigm. Clinical Rehab, 23, 229-237. doi: 10.1177/0269215508098896

Malcolm, M. P., Massie, C., & Thaut, M. (2009). Rhythmic auditory-motor entrainment improves hemiparetic arm kinematics during reaching movements: a pilot study. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 16(1), 69-79. doi: 10.1310/tsr1601-69

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Sheridan, C., Thaut, C., Brooks, D., & Patterson, K. K. (2021). Feasibility of a Rhythmic auditory STIMULATION gait training program in community-dwelling adults after Tbi: A case report. NeuroRehabilitation, 48(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-208016

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Spaulding, S. J., Barber, B., Colby, M., Cormack, B., Mick, T., & Jenkins, M. E. (2013). Cueing and gait improvement among people with Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(3), 562-570. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.026

Stephan, K.M., Thaut, M.H., Wunderlich, G., Schicks, W., Tian, B., Tellmann, L., Schmitz, T., Herzog, H., McIntosh, G.C., Seitz, R.J., Hoemberg, V. (2002). Conscious and subconscious sensorimotor synchronization: Prefrontal cortex and the influence of awareness. Neuroimage, 15 (2), 345-352. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0929

Stephan, K.M., Thaut, M.H., Wunderlich, G., Schicks, W., Tellmann, L., Herzog, H., McIntosh, G.C., Kraemer, M., Hoemberg, V., & Seitz, R.J. (2002). Cortico-cerebellar circuits and temporal adjustments of motor behavior. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 462.8. [Abstract]

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Suzuki, K., Niitsu, M., Kamo, T., Otake, S., & Nishida, Y. (2019). Effect of exercise with rhythmic auditory stimulation on muscle coordination and gait stability in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized controlled trial. Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 7, 79-91. doi: 10.4236/ojtr.2019.73005

Teasell, R. W., Bhogal, S. K., Foley, N. C., & Speechley, M. R. (2003). Gait retraining post stroke. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 10(2), 34-65. doi: 10.1310/udxe-mjff-53v2-eap0

Thaut, C., & Stephan, K. M. (2019). Neurologic Music Therapy in Sensorimotor Rehabilitation. In M. H. Thaut & D. A. Hodges (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Music and the Brain (pp. 695-714). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Thaut, M.H., Hoemberg, V., Kenyon, G., & Hurt, C.P. (1998). Rhythmic entrainment of hemiparetic arm movements in stroke patients. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 653.7. [Abstract]

Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, G.C., Prassas, S.G., & Rice, R.R. (1993). The effect of auditory rhythmic cuing on stride and EMG patterns in hemiparetic gait of stroke patients. Journal of Neurologic Rehabilitation, 7, 9-16. doi: 10.1177/136140969300700103

Thaut, M. H., & Kenyon, G. P. (2003). Rapid motor adaptations to subliminal frequency shifts during syncopated rhythmic sensorimotor synchronization. Human movement science, 22(3), 321-338. doi: 10.1016/s0167-9457(03)00048-4

Thaut, M.H., Kenyon, G.P., Hurt, C.P., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2002). Kinematic optimization of spatiotemporal patterns in paretic arm training with stroke patients. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1073-1081. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00141-5

Thaut, M.H., Lange, H., Miltner, R., Hurt, C.P., & Hoemberg, V. (1996). Rhythmic entrainment of gait patterns in Huntington’s disease patients. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 727.6. [Abstract]

Thaut, M. H., Leins, A. K., Rice, R. R., Argstatter, H., Kenyon, G. P., McIntosh, G. C., … & Fetter, M. (2007). Rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait more than NDT/Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early poststroke: a single-blind, randomized trial. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 21(5), 455-459. doi: 10.1177/1545968307300523

Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, G.C., & Rice, R.R. (1997). Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 151, 207-212. doi: 10.1016/s0022-510x(97)00146-9

Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, K.H., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2001). Auditory rhythmicity enhances movement and speech motor control in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Functional Neurology, 16, 163-172. link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11495422

Thaut, M.H. & McIntosh, G.C. (2006). Rhythmic auditory training in sensorimotor rehabilitation of people with Parkinson’s Disease. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair, 20, 81.

Thaut, M.H., Miltner, R., Lange, H.L., Hurt, C.P., & Hoemberg, V. (1999). Velocity modulation and rhythmic synchronization of gait in Huntington’s disease. Movement Disorders, 14 (5), 808-819. doi: 10.1002/1531-8257(199909)14:5<808::aid-mds1014>3.0.co;2-j

Thaut, M.H., Nickel, A., Kenyon, G.P., Meissner, N., & McIntosh, G.C. (2005). Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) for gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation: An international multicenter study. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 756.

Thaut, M. H., Rice, R. R., Braun Janzen, T., Hurt-Thaut, C. P., & McIntosh, G. C. (2018). Rhythmic auditory stimulation for reduction of falls in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled study. Clinical Rehabilitation. doi:10.1177/0269215518788615.

Thaut, M.H., Schicks, W., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2002). The role of motor imagery and temporal cuing in hemiparetic arm rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 16, 115.

Trombetti, A., Hars, M., Herrmann, F. R., Kressig, R. W., Ferrari, S., & Rizzoli, R. (2011). Effect of music-based multitask training on gait, balance, and fall risk in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of internal medicine, 171(6), 525-533. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.446

Uchitomi, H., Ota, L., Ogawa, K. I., Orimo, S., & Miyake, Y. (2013). Interactive rhythmic cue facilitates gait relearning in patients with Parkinson’s disease. PloS one, 8(9), e72176. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072176

Van Wegen, E., de Goede, C., Lim, I., Rietberg, M., Nieuwboer, A., Willems, A., Jones, D., Rochester, L., Hetherington, V., Berendse, H., Zijlmans, J., Wolters, E., & Kwakkel, G. (2006). The effect of rhythmic somatosensory cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 248 (1-2), 210-214. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.034

Varsamis, P., Staikopoulos, K., & Kartasidou, L. (2012). Effect of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation on Controlling Stepping Cadence of Individuals with Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy. International Journal of Special Education, 27(3), 68-75. link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236650155_Effect_of_rhythmic_auditory_stimulation_on_controlling_stepping_cadence_of_individuals_with_mental_retardation_and_cerebral_palsy

Whitall, J., McCombe, Waller, S., Silver, K.H., & Macko, R.F. (2000). Repetitive bilateral arm training with rhythmic auditory cueing improves motor function in chronic hemiparetic stroke. Stroke, 31 (10), 2390-2395. doi: 10.1161/01.str.31.10.2390

Willems, A.M., Nieuwboer, A., Chavret, F., Desloovere, K., Dom, R., Rochester, L., Jones, D., Kwakkel, G., & Van Wegen, E. (2006). The use of rhythmic auditory cues to influence gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease, the differential effect for freezers and non-freezers, an explorative study. Disability & Rehabilitation, 28(11), 721-8. doi: 10.1080/09638280500386569

Willems, A. (2006a). The effects of guideline-based cueing therapy on gait-related mobility in Parkinson’s disease patients: The RESCUE-project. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, F1B-2. doi: 10.1016/s0966-6362(05)80320-0

Willems, A. (2006b). Physiotherapy guidelines on the use of cueing in Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, F1B-4.

Wittwer, J. E., Webster, K. E., & Hill, K. (2013). Rhythmic auditory cueing to improve walking in patients with neurological conditions other than Parkinson’s disease–what is the evidence? Disability and rehabilitation, 35(2), 164-176. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.690495

Wittwer, J. E., Webster, K. E., & Hill, K. (2013). Effect of rhythmic auditory cueing on gait in people with Alzheimer disease. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(4), 718-724. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.009

Wright, R. L., Bevins, J. W., Pratt, D., Sackley, C. M., & Wing, A. M. (2016). Metronome cueing of walking reduces gait variability after a cerebellar stroke. Frontiers in Neurology, 7. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00084

Yoo, G. E., & Kim, S. J. (2016). Rhythmic auditory cueing in motor rehabilitation for stroke patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Music Therapy 53(2), 149–177. doi: 10.1093/jmt/thw003

Pattern Sensory Enhancement (PSE)

Ackerley, S. J., Stinear, C. M., & Byblow, W. D. (2011). Promoting use-dependent plasticity with externally-paced training. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(12), 2462-2468. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.011

Bernardi NF, Aggujaro S, Caimmi M, Molteni F, Maravita A, Luzzatti C. (2009). A new approach to rhythm cueing of cognitive functions: the case of ideomotor apraxia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1169),417-421. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04854.x

Bernatzky, G., Bernatzky, P., Hesse, H.P., Staffen, W., & Ladurner, G. (2004). Stimulating music increases motor coordination in patients afflicted by Morbus Parkinson. Neuroscience Letters, 361, 4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.022

Brown, S. H., Thaut, M. H., Benjamin, J., & Cooke, J. D. (1993). Effects of rhythmic auditory cueing on temporal sequencing of complex arm movements. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, 227 (2).

Buetefish, C., Hummelsheim, H., Denzler, P., & Mauritz, K.H. (1995). Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 130, 59-68. doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00003-k

Dozza, M., Chiari, L., & Horak, F.B. (2005). Audio-biofeedback improves balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86 (7), 1401-3. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.12.036

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Goldshtrom Y, Knorr G, Goldshtrom I. (2010). Rhythmic exercises in rehabilitation of TBI patients: a case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 14(4), 336-345. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.06.002

Jakubowski, K., Farrugia, N., & Stewart, L. (2016). Probing imagined tempo for music: Effects of motor engagement and musical experience. Psychology of Music, 44(6), 1274–1288. doi: 10.1177/0305735615625791

Jeong, S., Kim, M.T. (2007). Effects of a theory-driven music and movement program for stroke survivors in a community setting. Applied Nursing Research, 20(3), 125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2007.04.005

Mak, M. (2006). Feed-forward audio-visual cues could enhance sit-to-stand in Parkinsonian patients. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, F1B-7.

Malcolm, M.P., Massie, C., Thaut, M.H. (2009). Rhythmic auditory- motor entrainment improves hemiparetic arm kinematics during reaching movements: A pilot study. Top Stroke Rehabil, 16, 69-79. doi: 10.1310/tsr1601-69

McCombe, W.S. & Whitall, J. (2005). Hand dominance and side of stroke affect rehabilitation in chronic stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19 (5), 544-551. doi: 10.1191/0269215505cr829oa

McCombe Waller, S. & Whitall, J. (2006). Combining bilateral and distal arm training to promote arm and hand recovery in patients with chronic hemiparesis: A case report. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P2-080

Pacchetti, C., Aglieri, R., Mancini, F., Martignoni, E., & Nappi, G. (1998). Active music therapy and Parkinson’s disease: Methods. Functional Neurology, 13 (1), 57-67.

Peng, Y. C., Lu, T. W., Wang, T. H., Chen, Y. L., Liao, H. F., Lin, K. H., & Tang, P. F. (2011). Immediate effects of therapeutic music on loaded sit-to-stand movement in children with spastic diplegia. Gait & posture, 33(2), 274-278. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.11.020

Robertson, S.D., Chua, R., Maraj, B.K., Kao, J.C., & Weeks, D.J. (2002a). Bimanual coordination dynamics in adults with downs syndrome. Motor Control, 6, 388-407. doi: 10.1123/mcj.6.4.388

Robertson, S.D., Van Gemmert, A.W., & Maraj, B.K. (2002b). Auditory information is beneficial for adults with downs syndrome in a continuous bimanual task. Acta Psychologica, 110, 213-229. doi: 10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00034-3

Sameiro-Barbosa, C. M., & Geiser, E. (2016). Sensory entrainment mechanisms in auditory perception: Neural synchronization cortico-striatal activation. Frontiers in Neuroscience. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00361

Sandrini, G., Tassorelli, C., Balloni, L., Buscone, S., & Pacchetti, C. (2006). Efficacy of sensorial cues on gait rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P1-053. link: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1545968305284198

Senesac, Davis, and Richards. (2010). Generalization of a modified form of repetitive rhythmic bilateral training in stroke. Human Movement Science, 26(1), 137-148. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2009.05.004

Simkins, M., Jacobs, A. B., & Rosen, J. (2013). Rhythmic affects on stroke-induced joint synergies across a range of speeds. Experimental brain research, 229(4), 517-524. doi: 10.1007/s00221-013-3613-2

Stephan, M. A., Brown, R., Lega, C., & Penhune, V. (2016). Melodic priming of motor sequence performance: The role of the dorsal premotor cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, 210. doi: 10.3389/fnins. 2016.00210

Stinear, J. W., & Byblow, W. D. (2004). Rhythmic bilateral movement training modulates corticomotor excitability and enhances upper limb motricity poststroke: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 21(2), 124-131. doi: 10.1097/00004691-200403000-00008

Thaut, M.H., Kenyon, G.P., Hurt, C.P., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2002a). Kinematic optimization of spatiotemporal patterns in paretic arm training with stroke patients. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1073-1081. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00141-5

Thaut, M.H., Schicks, W., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2002b). The role of motor imagery and temporal cuing in hemiparetic arm rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 16, 115.

Vercruysse, S., Spildooren, J., Heremans, E., Vandenbossche, J., Levin, O., Wenderoth, N., … & Nieuwboer, A. (2012). Freezing in Parkinson’s disease: a spatiotemporal motor disorder beyond gait. Movement Disorders, 27(2), 254-263. doi: 10.1002/mds.24015

Wang, T. H., Peng, Y. C., Chen, Y. L., Lu, T. W., Liao, H. F., Tang, P. F., & Shieh, J. Y. (2013). A Home-Based Program Using Patterned Sensory Enhancement Improves Resistance Exercise Effects for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 27(8), 684-694. doi: 10.1177/1545968313491001

Yasuhara, A., Sugiyama, Y. (2001). Music therapy for children with Rett Syndrome. Brain and Development, 23, (1), S82-84. doi: 10.1016/s0387-7604(01)00336-9

Therapeutic Instrumental Music Performance (TIMP)

Altenmüller E, Marco-Pallares J, Münte TF, Schneider S. (2009). Neural reorganization underlies improvement in stroke-induced motor dysfunction by music-supported therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1169), 395-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04580.x

Bukowska, A. A. (2016). Influence of neurologic music therapy to improve the activity level in a group of patients with PD. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 14. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2016.1179888

Chadwick, D. M., & Clark, C. A. (1980). Adapting music instruments for the physically handicapped. Music Educators Journal, 67(3), 56-59. doi: 10.2307/3400621

Chong, H. J., Cho, S. R., Jeong, E., & Kim, S. J. (2013). Finger exercise with keyboard playing in adults withcerebral palsy: A preliminary study. Journal of exercise rehabilitation, 9(4), 420-425. doi: 10.12965/jer.130050

Chong, H. J., Cho, S. R., & Kim, S. J. (2014). Hand rehabilitation using MIDI keyboard playing in adolescents with brain damage: a preliminary study. NeuroRehabilitation, 34(1), 147-155. doi: 10.3233/nre-131026

Cross, P., McLellan, M., Vomberg, E., Monga, M., & Monga, T.N. (1984). Observations on the use of music in rehabilitation of stroke patients. Physiotherapy Canada, 36, 197-201. link: https://www.strokengine.ca/en/publication/cross-p-mclellan-m-vomberg-e-monga-m-monga-t-n-1984-observations-on-the-use-of-music-in-rehabilitation-of-stroke-patients-physiotherapy-canada-364-197-201/

Elliott, B. (1982). Guide to the Selection of Musical Instruments with Respect to Physical Ability and Disability. Saint Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Fujioka T, Ween JE, Jamali S, Stuss DT, Ross B. (2012). Changes in neuromagnetic beta-band oscillation after music-supported stroke rehabilitation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1252), 294-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06436.x

Grau-Sánchez, J., Amengual, J. L., Rojo, N., Veciana de las Heras, M., Montero, J., Rubio, F., … & Rodríguez- Fornells, A. (2013). Plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex induced by Music-supported therapy in stroke patients: a TMS study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 7, 494. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00494

Haire, C. M., Vuong, V., Tremblay, L., Patterson, K. K., Chen, J. L., & Thaut, M. H. (2021). Effects of therapeutic instrumental music performance and motor imagery on chronic post-stroke cognition and affect: A randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation, 48(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-208014

Hund-Georgiadis, M., & von Cramon, D. Y. (1999). Motor-learning-related changes in piano players and non-musicians revealed by functional magnetic-resonance signals. Experimental Brain Research, 125(4), 417-425. doi: 10.1007/s002210050698

Kojovic, M., Pareés, I., Sadnicka, A., Kassavetis, P., Rubio-Agusti, I., Saifee, T. A., … & Bhatia, K. P. (2012). The brighter side of music in dystonia. Archives of neurology, 69(7), 917-919. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.33

Lim HA, Miller K, Fabian C. (2011). The effects of therapeutic instrumental music performance on endurance level, self-perceived fatigue level, and self-perceived exertion of inpatients in physical rehabilitation. J Music Ther. 48(2),124-148. doi: 10.1093/jmt/48.2.124

Pascual-Leone, A (2001). The brain that plays music and is changed by it. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930(1), 315-329. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x

Ringenbach, S. D., Zimmerman, K., Chen, C. C., Mulvey, G. M., Holzapfel, S. D., Weeks, D. J., & Thaut, M. H. (2014). Adults with Down Syndrome Performed Repetitive Movements Fast with Continuous Music Cues. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 2(3), 47-54. doi: 10.1123/jmld.2014-0040

Rojo, N., Amengual, J., Juncadella, M., Rubio, F., Camara, E., Marco-Pallares, J., … & Altenmüller, E. (2011). Music-supported therapy induces plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex in chronic stroke: a single-case study using multimodal imaging (fMRI-TMS). Brain Injury, 25(7-8), 787-793. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2011.576305

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Street, A. J., Fachner, J., & Magee, W. L. (2019). Upper limb rehabilitation in chronic stroke using neurologic music therapy: Two contrasting case studies to inform on treatment delivery and patient suitability. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 28(5), 382-404. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2019.1606848

Sutton, K. (1984). The development and implementation of a music therapy physiological measures test. Journal of Music Therapy, 21, 160. doi: 10.1093/jmt/21.4.160

Turova, V., Alves-Pinto, A., Ehrlich, S., Blumenstein, T., Cheng, G., & Lampe, R. (2017). Effects of short-term piano training on measures of finger tapping, somatosensory perception and motor-related brain activity in patients with cerebral palsy. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 2705–2718. doi; 10.2147/ndt.s145104

Yoo, J. (2009). The role of therapeutic instrumental music performance in hemiparetic arm rehabilitation. Music Therapy Perspectives, 27(1), 16-24. doi: 10.1093/mtp/27.1.16

Speech and Language

Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)

Albert, M., Sparks, R., & Helm, N. (1973). Melodic intonation therapy for aphasics. Archives of Neurology, 29, 130-131. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1973.00490260074018

Al-Janabi, S., Nickels, L. A., Sowman, P. F., Burianová, H., Merrett, D., & Thompson, B. (2014). Augmenting melodic intonation therapy with non-invasive brain stimulation to treat impaired left-hemisphere function: two case studies. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 37. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00037

Belin, P., Van Eeckhout, P., Zilbovicius, M., Remy, P., Francois, C., Guillaume, S., Chain, F., Rancurel, G., & Sampson, Y. (1996). Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy. Neurology, 47, 1504-1511. doi: 10.1212/wnl.47.6.1504

Berlin, C.I. (1976). On: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia by R.W. Sparks and A.L. Holland. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 41, 298-300. doi: 10.1044/jshd.4103.298

Bonakdarpour, B., Eftekharzadeh, A., & Ashayeri, H. (2003). Melodic Intonation Therapy with Persian aphasic patients. Aphasiology, 17, 75-95. doi: 10.1080/729254891

Boucher, V., Garcia, L. J., Fleurant, J., & Paradis, J. (2001). Variable efficacy of rhythm and tone in melody- based interventions: implications for the assumption of a right-hemisphere facilitation in non-fluent aphasia. Aphasiology, 15(2), 131-149. doi: 10.1080/02687040042000098

Breier, J. I., Randle, S., Maher, L. M., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2010). Changes in maps of language activity activation following melodic intonation therapy using magnetoencephalography: Two case studies. Journal of Clinical And Experimental Neuropsychology, 32(3), 309-314 doi: 10.1080/13803390903029293

Brown, S., Martinez, M. J., & Parsons, L. M. (2006). Music and language side by side in the brain: a PET study of the generation of melodies and sentences. European journal of neuroscience, 23(10), 2791-2803. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04785.x

Cadalbert, A., Landis, T., Regard, M., & Graves, R. E. (1994). Singing with and without words: Hemispheric asymmetries in motor control. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16(5), 664-670. doi: 10.1080/01688639408402679

Conklyn, D., Novak, E., Boissy, A., Bethoux, F., & Chemali, K. (2012). The effects of modified melodic intonation therapy on nonfluent aphasia: A pilot study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(5), 1463-1471. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0105)

Cortese, M. D., Riganello, F., Arcuri, F., Pignataro, L. M., & Buglione, I. (2015). Rehabilitation of aphasia: application of melodic-rhythmic therapy to Italian language. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00520

Goldfarb, R. & Bader, E. (1979). Espousing melodic intonation therapy in aphasia rehabilitation: A case study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2, 333-342. doi: 10.1097/00004356-197909000-00002

Haro-Martínez, A. M., García-Concejero, V. E., López-Ramos, A., Maté-Arribas, E., López- Táppero, J., Lubrini, G., … & Fuentes, B. (2017). Adaptation of melodic intonation therapy to Spanish: A feasibility pilot study, Aphasiology 31(11), 1333–1343. doi: 10.1080/02687038.2017.1279731

Hébert, S., Racette, A., Gagnon, L., & Peretz, I. (2003). Revisiting the dissociation between singing and speaking in expressive aphasia. Brain, 126(8), 1838-1850. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg186

Helfrich-Miller, K.R. (1984). Melodic intonation therapy with developmentally apraxic children. Seminars in Speech and Language, 5, 119-126. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1082518

Hough, M. (2010). Melodic intonation therapy and aphasia: Another variation on a theme. Aphasiology, 24(6-8), 775-786. doi: 10.1080/02687030903501941

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Krauss, T. & Galloway, H. (1982). Melodic Intonation Therapy with language delayed apraxic children. Journal of Music Therapy, 19 (2), 102-113. doi: 10.1093/jmt/19.2.102

Lee, Y. S., Thaut, C., & Santoni, C. (2019). Neurologic Music Therapy for Speech and Language Rehabilitation. In M. H. Thaut & D. A. Hodges (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Music and the Brain (pp. 715-737). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804123.013.28

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Norton, A., Zipse, L., Marchina, S. & Schlaug, G. (2009). Melodic Intonation therapy: Shared insights on how it is done and why it might help. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 431-436. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04859.x

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Patel, A. D., & Daniele, J. R. (2003). An empirical comparison of rhythm in language and music. Cognition, 87(1), B35-B45. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00187-7

Patel, AD. (2005). The relationship of music to the melody of speech and to synactic processing disorders in aphasia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1060, 59-70. doi: 10.1196/annals.1360.005

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Racette, A., Bard, C., Peretz, I. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak: sing along! Brain, 129, 2571-2584. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl250

Schlaug, G., Marchina, S., & Norton, A. (2008). From singing to speaking: Why singing may lead to recovery of expressive language function in patients with Broca’s Aphasia. Music perception, 25, 315-323. doi: 10.1525/mp.2008.25.4.315

Schlaug, G., Marchina, S. & Norton, A. (2009). Evidence for plasticity in white-matter tracts of patients with chronic Broca’s aphasia undergoing intense intonation-based speech therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1169, 385-394. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04587.x

Schlaug, G., Norton, A., Marchina, S., Zipse, L., & Wan, C. Y. (2010). From singing to speaking: facilitating recovery from nonfluent aphasia. Future neurology, 5(5), 657-665. doi: 10.2217/fnl.10.44

Seki, K., Sugishita, M. (1983). Japanese-Applied Melodic Intonation Therapy for Broca Aphasia. Brain and Nerve (No to Shinkei), 35(10): 1031-7. link:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6651979

Sparks, R.W., Helm, N., & Albert, M. (1974). Aphasia rehabilitation resulting from melodic intonation therapy. Cortex, 10, 313-316. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(74)80024-9

Sparks, R.W. & Deck, J.W. (1994). Melodic Intonation Therapy. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language Intervention Strategies in Adult Aphasias. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 368-386.

Sparks, R.W. & Holland, A.L. (1976). Method: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 41, 298-300.

Stahl B, Kotz SA, Henseler I, Turner R, Geyer S. (2011). Rhythm in disguise: why singing may not hold the key to recovery from aphasia. Brain. 134(10), 3083-3093. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr240

Stewart, L., Walsh, V., Frith, U., & Rothwell, J. (2001). Transcranial magnetic stimulation produces speech arrest but not song arrest. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 433-435. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05762.x

Thulborn, K. R., Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A. (1999). Plasticity of language-related brain function during recovery from stroke. Stroke, 30 (4), 749-754. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.4.749

Van der Meulen, I., van de Sandt-Koenderman, W. M. E., Heijenbrok-Kal, M. H., Visch-Brink, E. G., & Ribbers, G.M. (2014). The efficacy and timing of Melodic Intonation Therapy in subacute aphasia. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 28(6), 536-544. doi: 10.1177/1545968313517753

Vines, B. W., Norton, A. C., & Schlaug, G. (2011). Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy. The relationship between music and language, 124. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00230

Warren, J.D., Warren, J.E., Fox, N.C., & Warrington, E.K. (2003). Nothing to say, something to sing: Primary progressive dynamic aphasia. Neurocase, 9, 140-153. doi: 10.1076/neur.9.2.140.15068

Wilson, S.J. (2006). Preserved Singing in Aphasia: A Case Study of the Efficacy of Melodic Intonation Therapy. Music Perception, 24(1), 23-36. doi: 10.1525/mp.2006.24.1.23

Yamadori, A., Osumi, Y., Masuhara, S., & Okubo, M. (1977). Preservation of singing in Broca’s aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 40 (3), 221-224. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.40.3.221

Zipse L, Norton A, Marchina S, Schlaug G. (2012). When right is all that is left: plasticity of right-hemisphere tracts in a young aphasic patient. Ann N Y Acad Sci. (1252), 237-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06454.x

Musical Speech Stimulation (MUSTIM)

Basso, A., Capitani, E., & Vignolo, L. A. (1979). Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients: a controlled study. Archives of Neurology, 36(4), 190-196. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1979.00500400044005

Cortese, M. D., Riganello, F., Arcuri, F., Pignataro, L. M., & Buglione, I. (2015). Rehabilitation of aphasia: Application of melodic-rhythmic therapy to Italian language. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9, 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fnhum. 2015.00520

Ding, N., Patel, A. D., Chen, L., Butler, H., Luo, C., & Poeppel, D. (2017). Temporal modulations in speech and music. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 81(B), 181–187. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.011

Lucia, C.M. (1987). Toward developing a model of music therapy intervention in the rehabilitation of head trauma patients. Music Therapy Perspectives, 62, 34-39. doi: 10.1093/mtp/4.1.34

Ozdemir, E., Norton, A., Schlaug, G. (2006). Shared and distinct neural correlates of singing and speaking. Neuroimage, 33 (2), 628-35. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.013

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Straube, T., Schulz, A., Geipel, K., Mentzel, H. J., & Miltner, W. H. (2008). Dissociation between singing and speaking in expressive aphasia: The role of song familiarity. Neuropsychologia, 46(5), 1505-1512. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.008

Yamaguchi S, Akanuma K, Hatayama Y, Otera M, Meguro K. (2012). Singing therapy can be effective for a patient with severe nonfluent aphasia. Int J Rehabil Res. 35(1),78-81. doi: 10.1097/mrr.0b013e32835032f8

Rhythmic Speech Cueing (RSC)

Ballard, K. J., Wambaugh, J. L., Duffy, J. R., Layfield, C., Maas, E., Mauszycki, S., & Mc Neil, M. R. (2015). Treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: A systematic review of intervention research between 2004 and 2012. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology 24(2), 316–337. doi: 10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0118

Bang, C. (1980). A world of sound and music. Journal of the British Association for Teachers of the Deaf, 4, 1-10.

Bellaire, K., Yorkston, K.M., & Beukelman, D.R. (1986). Modification of breath patterning to increase naturalness of a mildly dysarthric speaker. Journal of Communication Disorders, 19, 271-280. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(86)90033-x

Bidelman, G. M., & Alain, C. (2015). Musical training orchestrates coordinated neuroplasticity in auditory brainstem and cortex to counteract age-related declines in categorical vowel perception. Journal Neuroscience, 35(3), 1240-1249. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.3292-14.2015

Brendal, B. & Ziegler, W. (2008). Effectiveness of metrical pacing in the treatment of apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 22 (1), 1-26. doi: 10.1080/02687030600965464

Caligiuri, M.P. (1989). The influence of speaking rate on articulatory hypokinesia in Parkinsonian dysarthria. Brain and Language, 36, 1493-1502. doi: 10.1016/0093-934x(89)90080-1

Cason, N., Astésano, C., & Schön, D. (2015). Bridging music and speech rhythm: Rhythmic priming and audio-motor training affect speech perception. Acta Psychologica 155, 43–50. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.12.002

Cason, N., Hidalgo, C., Isoard, F., Roman, S., & Schön, D. (2015). Rhythmic priming enhances speech production abilities: Evidence from prelingually deaf children. Neuropsychology, 29(1), 102. doi: 10.1037/neu0000115

Chern, A., Tillmann, B., Vaughan, C., & Gordon, R. L. (2018). New evidence of a rhythmic priming effect that enhances grammaticality judgments in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 173, 371–379. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.04.007

Cohen, N.S. (1988). The use of superimposed rhythm to decrease the rate of speech in a brain-damaged adolescent. Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 85-93. doi: 10.1093/jmt/25.2.85

Colcord, R.D. & Adams, M.R. (1979). Voicing duration and vocal SPL changes associated with stuttering reduction during singing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 22 (3), 468-479. doi: 10.1044/jshr.2203.468

Crystal, D. 1980. Introduction to Language Pathology. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

Darrow, A.A. & Starmer, G.J. (1986). The effect of vocal training on the intonation and rate of hearing-impaired children’s speech: A pilot study. Journal of Music Therapy, 23, 194-201. doi: 10.1093/jmt/23.4.194

Dworkin, J. P., Abkarian, G. G., & Johns, D. F. (1988). Apraxia of speech: The effectiveness of a treatment regimen. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 53(3), 280-294. doi: 10.1044/jshd.5303.280

Gfeller, K., Witt, S. A., Kim, K. H., Adamek, M., & Coffman, D. (1999). Preliminary report of a computerized music training program for adult cochlear implant recipients. Journal Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology, 32, 11-28.

Glover, H., Kalinowski, J., Rastatter, M., & Stuart, A. (1996). Effect of instruction to sing on stuttering frequency at normal and fast rates. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 511-522. doi: 10.2466/pms.1996.83.2.511

Hammen, V.L. & Yorkston, K.M. (1996). Speech and pause characteristics following speech rate reduction in hypokinetic dysarthria. Journal of Communication Disorders, 29, 429-445. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(95)00037-2

Hammen, V.L., Yorkston, K.M., & Minifie, F.D. (1994). Effects of temporal alterations on speech intelligibility in Parkinsonian dysarthria. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 244-253. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3702.244

Healey, E.C., Mallard, A.R., & Adams, M.R. (1976). Factors contributing to the reduction of stuttering during singing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 19, 475-480. doi: 10.1044/jshr.1903.475

Hidalgo, C., Falk, S., & Schön, D. (2017). Speak on time! Effects of a musical rhythmic training on children with hearing loss. Hearing Research 351, 11–18. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.05.006

Jungblut M, Huber W, Pustelniak M, Schnitker R. (2012). The impact of rhythm complexity on brain activation during simple singing: an event-related fMRI study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 30(1),39-53. doi: 10.3233/rnn-2011-0619

Kotz, S. A., & Gunter, T. C. (2015). Can rhythmic auditory cuing remediate language‐related deficits in Parkinson’s disease? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1337(1), 62-68. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12657

Kotz, S. A., & Schwartze, M. (2016). Motor timing and sequencing in speech production: A general-purpose framework. In G. Hickok & S. L. Small (Eds.), Neurobiology of Language (pp. 717–724). New York: Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407794-2.00057-2

Max, L., Yudman, Elana A. (2003). Accuracy and Variability of Isochronous Rhythmic Timing Across Motor Systems In Stuttering versus Nonstuttering Individuals. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46(1): 146-63, 2003. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/012)

Perkins, W. H. (2001). Stuttering: a matter of bad timing. Science, 294(5543), 786-786. doi: 10.1126/science.294.5543.786a

Pilon, M.A., McIntosh, K.W., & Thaut, M.H. (1998). Auditory versus visual speech timing cues as external rate control to enhance verbal intelligibility in mixed spastic-ataxic dysarthric speakers: A pilot study. Brain Injury, 12 (9), 793-803. doi: 10.1080/026990598122188

Shane, H.C. & Darley, F.L. (1978). The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech. Cortex, 14 (3), 444-450. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80071-9

Smith, A., & Denny, M. (1990). High-frequency oscillations as indicators of neural control mechanisms in human respiration, mastication, and speech. Journal of Neurophysiology, 63(4), 745-758. doi: 10.1152/jn.1990.63.4.745

Tamplin, J., Baker, F. A., Grocke, D., Brazzale, D. J., Pretto, J. J., Ruehland, W. R., … & Berlowitz, D. J. (2013). Effect of singing on respiratory function, voice, and mood after quadriplegia: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(3), 426-434. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.10.006

Ulbrich, C. (2006). Pitch range is not pitch range. Proc. Speech Prosody 2006.

Wambaugh, J.L. & Martinez, A.L. (2000). Effects of rate and rhythm control treatment on consonant production accuracy in apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 14(8), 851-871. doi: 10.1080/026870300412232

Yorkston, K.M. & Beukelman, D.R. (1981). Ataxic dysarthria: Treatment consequences based on intelligibility and prosodic considerations. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 398-404. link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15899368_Ataxic_dysarthria_Treatment_sequences_based_on_intelligibility_and_prosodic_considerations

Yorkston, K.M., Hammen, V.L., Beukelman, D.R., & Traynor, C.D. (1990). The effect of rate control on the intelligibility and naturalness of dysarthric speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 550-560. doi: 10.1044/jshd.5503.550

Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT)

Baker, F., Wigram, T., Gold, C. (2005). The effects of song-singing programme on the affective speaking intonation of people with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19(7), 519-28. doi: 10.1080/02699050400005150

Busto-Crespo, O., Uzcanga-Lacabe, M., Abad-Marco, A., Berasategui, I., García, L., Maraví, E., … Fernández-González, S. (2016). Longitudinal voice outcomes after voice therapy in unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Journal of Voice 30(6). doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.10.018

Darrow, A.A. & Cohen, N.S. (1991). The effect of programmed pitch practice and private instruction on the vocal reproduction accuracy of hearing-impaired children: Two case studies. Music Therapy Perspectives, 9, 61-65. doi: 10.1093/mtp/9.1.61

Di Benedetto, P., Cavazzon, M., Mondolo, F., Rugiu, G., Peratoner, A., & Biasutti, E. (2009). Voice and choral singing treatment: a new approach for speech and voice disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med, 45(1), 13-19. link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987565

Gunji, A., Ishii, R., Chau, W., Kakigi, R., & Pantev, C. (2007). Rhythmic brain activities related to singing in humans. Neuroimage, 34(1), 426-434. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.018

Haneishi, E. (2001). Effects of a music therapy voice protocol on speech intelligibility, vocal acoustic measures, and mood of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Music Therapy, 38 (4), 273-290. doi: 10.1093/jmt/38.4.273

Johansson, K. et al. (2011). Effects of glossopharyngeal breathing on voice in cervical spinal cord injuries. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 18(9), 501-512. doi: 10.12968/ijtr.2011.18.9.501

Lortie, C. L., Rivard, J., Thibeault, M., & Tremblay, P. (2017). The moderating effect of frequent singing on voice aging. Journal of Voice 31(1). doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.02.015

Pillot, C. & Vaissiere, J. (2006). [Vocal effectiveness in speech and singing: acoustical, physiological and perceptive aspects. Applications in speech therapy.] Revue de Laryngologie Otologie Rhinologie, 127, 293-298. link: https://europepmc.org/article/med/17425003

Ramig, L. O., Bonitati, C. M., Lemke, J. H., & Horii, Y. (1994). Voice treatment for patients with Parkinson’s disease: Development of an approach and preliminary efficacy data. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 2(3), 191-209.

Russo, N. M., Nicol, T. G., Zecker, S. G., Hayes, E. A., & Kraus, N. (2005). Auditory training improves neural timing in the human brainstem. Behavioural brain research, 156(1), 95-103. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2004.05.012

Santoni, C., de Boer, G., Thaut, M., & Bressmann, T. (2018). Influence of altered auditory feedback on oral-nasal balance in song. Journal of Voice. Manuscript in print. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.06.014

Santoni, C., Thaut, M., & Bressmann, T. (2020). Immediate effects of voice focus adjustments on hypernasal speakers’ nasalance scores. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 135, 110107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110107

Tamplin, J. (2008). A pilot study into the effect of vocal exercises and singing on dysarthric speech. Neurorehabilitation, 23 (3), 207-216. doi: 10.3233/nre-2008-23302

Tanner, M. A., Rammage, L., & Liu, L. (2016). Does singing and vocal strengthening improve vocal ability in people with Parkinson’s disease? Arts & Health 8(3), 199–212. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2015.1088047

Tautscher-Basnett, A., Tomantschger, V., Keglevic, S., & Freimuller, M. (2006). Group therapy for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) focusing on voice strengthening. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P1-054.

Therapeutic Singing (TS)

Akanuma, K., Meguro, K., Satoh, M., Tashiro, M., & Itoh, M. (2016). Singing can improve speech function in aphasics associated with intact right basal ganglia and preserve right temporal glucose metabolism: Implications for singing therapy indication. International Journal of Neuroscience 126(1), 39–45. doi: 10.3109/00207454.2014.992068

Bang, C. (1980). A world of sound and music. Journal of the British Association for Teachers of the Deaf, 4, 1-10.

Gunji, A., Ishii, R., Chau, W., Kakigi, R., & Pantev, C. (2007). Rhythmic brain activities related to singing in humans. Neuroimage, 34(1), 426-434. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.018

Jackson, S.A. Treharne, D.A., & Boucher, J. (1997). Rhythm and language in children with moderate learning difficulties. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32 (1), 99-108. doi: 10.3109/13682829709021463

Jamaly, S., Leidag, M., Schneider, H. W., Domanksi, U., Rasche, K., Schröder, M., & Nilius, G. (2017). The effect of singing therapy compared to standard physiotherapeutic lung sport in COPD. Pneumologie 71(S01), S1–S125. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1598260

Racette, A., Bard, C., Peretz, I. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak: sing along! Brain, 129, 2571-84. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl250

Schön, D., Boyer, M., Moreno, S., Besson, M., Peretz, I., & Kolinsky, R. (2008). Songs as an aid for language acquisition. Cognition, 106(2), 975-983. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.005

Shane, H.C. & Darley, F.L. (1978). The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech. Cortex, 14 (3), 444-450. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80071-9

Stegemöller, E. L., Radig, H., Hibbing, P., Wingate, J., & Sapienza, C. (2017). Effects of singing on voice, respiratory control and quality of life in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Disability and Rehabilitation 39(6), 594–600. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2016.1152610

Tamplin, J. (2008). A pilot study into the effect of vocal exercises and singing on dysarthric speech. Neurorehabilitation, 23 (3), 207-216. doi: 10.3233/nre-2008-23302

Wan, C. Y., Rüüber, T., Hohmann, A., & Schlaug, G. (2010). The therapeutic effects of singing in neurological disorders. Music perception: An interdisciplinary journal, 27(4), 287-295. doi: 10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.287

Oral Motor and Respiratory Exercises (OMREX)

Bang, C. (1980). A world of sound and music. Journal of the British Association for Teachers of the Deaf, 4, 1-10. doi: 10.1080/08098139809477935

De Swart, B. J., Willemse, S. C., Maassen, B. A. M., & Horstink, M. W. I. M. (2003). Improvement of voicing in patients with Parkinson’s disease by speech therapy. Neurology, 60(3), 498-500. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000044480.95458.56

Haas, F., Distenfeld, S., & Axen, K. (1986). Effects of perceived musical rhythm on respiratory pattern. Journal of applied physiology, 61(3), 1185-1191. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.1185

Kim, S. J., & Jo, U. (2013). Study of accent-based music speech protocol development for improving voice problems in stroke patients with mixed dysarthria. NeuroRehabilitation, 32(1), 185-190. doi: 10.3233/NRE-130835

Racette, A., Bard, C., Peretz, I. (2006). Making non-fluent aphasics speak: sing along! Brain, 129, 2571-84. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl250

Tamplin, J. (2008). A pilot study into the effect of vocal exercises and singing on dysarthric speech. Neurorehabilitation, 23(3), 207-216. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2008-23302

Wambaugh, J.L. & Martinez, A.L. (2000). Effects of rate and rhythm control treatment on consonant production accuracy in apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 14(8), 851-871. doi: 10.1080/026870300412232

Wiens ME, Reimer MA, Lindsay Guyn H. (1999). Music therapy as a treatment method for improving respiratory muscle strength in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 24, 74-80. doi: 10.1002/j.2048-7940.1999.tb01840

Developmental Speech and Language Training through Music (DSLM)

Bedoin, N., Brisseau, L., Molinier, P., Roch, D., & Tillmann, B. (2016). Temporally regular musical primes facilitate subsequent syntax processing in children with specific language impairment. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00245

Bekius, A., Cope, T., & Grube, M. (2016). The beat to read: A cross-lingual link between rhythmic regularity perception and reading skill. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10, 425. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00425

Bolduc, J., & Lefebvre, P. (2012). Using nursery rhymes to foster phonological and musical processing skills in kindergarteners. Creative Education, 3(4), 495. doi: 10.4236/ce.2012.34075

Bonacina, S., Cancer, A., Lanzi, P. L., Lorusso, M. L., & Antonietti, A. (2015). Improving reading skills in students with dyslexia: the efficacy of a sublexical training with rhythmic background. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1510. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01510

Chen, C. C., & Miikkulainen, R. (2001). Creating melodies with evolving recurrent neural networks. In Neural Networks, 2001. Proceedings. IJCNN’01. International Joint Conference on (Vol. 3, pp. 2241-2246). IEEE. doi: 10.1109/IJCNN.2001.938515

Clément, S., Planchou, C., Béland, R., Motte, J., & Samson, S. (2015). Singing abilities in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Frontiers in Psychology 6. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00420

Cogo-Moreira, H., de Avila, C. R. B., Ploubidis, G. B., & de Jesus Mari, J. (2013). Effectiveness of music education for the improvement of reading skills and academic achievement in young poor readers: a pragmatic cluster-randomized, controlled clinical trial. PloS one, 8(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059984

Corriveau, K.H. & Goswami, U. (2009). Rhythmic motor entrainment in children with speech and language impairments: tapping to the beat. Cortex, 45, 119-130. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.09.008

Cumming, R., Wilson, A., Leong, V., Colling, L. J., & Goswami, U. (2015). Awareness of rhythm patterns in speech and music in children with specific language impairments. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00672

Flaugnacco, E., Lopez, L., Terribili, C., Montico, M., Zoia, S., & Schön, D. (2015). Music training increases phonological awareness and reading skills in developmental dyslexia: a randomized control trial. PloS one, 10(9). doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0138715

François, C., Chobert, J., Besson, M., & Schön, D. (2013). Music training for the development of speech segmentation. Cerebral Cortex, 23(9), 2038-2043. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs180

Gfeller, K., & Baumann, A. A. (1988). Assessment procedures for music therapy with hearing impaired children: Language development. Journal of Music Therapy, 25(4), 192-205. doi: 10.1093/jmt/25.4.192

Gfeller, K., & Darrow, A. A. (1987). Music as a remedial tool in the language education of hearing-impaired children. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(3), 229-235. doi: 10.1016/0197-4556(87)90006-2

Gordon, R. L., Shivers, C. M., Wieland, E. A., Kotz, S. A., Yoder, P. J., & Devin McAuley, J. (2015). Musical rhythm discrimination explains individual differences in grammar skills in children. Developmental Science, 18(4), 635-644. doi: 10.1111/desc.12230

Groß W, Linden U, Ostermann T. (2010). Effects of music therapy in the treatment of children with delayed speech development – results of a pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 10(1),39. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-39

Habib, M., Lardy, C., Desiles, T., Commeiras, C., Chobert, J., & Besson, M. (2016). Music and dyslexia: a new musical training method to improve reading and related disorders. Frontiers in psychology, 7. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00026

Huss M, Verney JP, Fosker T, Mead N, Goswami U. (2011). Music, rhythm, rise time perception and developmental dyslexia: perception of musical meter predicts reading and phonology. Cortex. 47(6),674-89. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.07.010

Janzen, T. B., & Thaut, M. H. (2018). Rethinking the role of music in the neurodevelopment of autism spectrum disorder. Music & Science, 1, 205920431876963. https://doi.org/10.1177/2059204318769639

Jentschke, S., Koelsch, S., Sallat, S. & Friederici, A.D. (2008). Children with specific language impairment also show impairment of music-syntactic processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 1940-1951. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20135

Kern, P., Wolery, M., & Aldridge, D. (2007). Use of songs to promote independence in morning greeting Routines for young children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 37(7), 1264-1271. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0272-1

Lai, G., Pantazatos, S. P., Schneider, H., & Hirsch, J. (2012). Neural systems for speech and song in autism. Brain, 135(3), 961-975. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr335

Lim, H. A., & Draper, E. (2011). The effects of music therapy incorporated with applied behavior analysis verbal behavior approach for children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of music therapy, 48(4), 532-550. doi: 10.1093/jmt/48.4.532

Lim, H. A. (2010). Effect of “developmental speech and language training through music” on speech production in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of music therapy, 47(1), 2-26. doi.org/10.1093/jmt/47.1.2

Linnavalli, T., Putkinen, V., Lipsanen, J., Huotilainen, M., & Tervaniemi, M. (2018). Music playschool enhances children’s linguistic skills. Scientific Reports 8(1), 8767. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27126-5

Luria, A. R. (2012). Higher cortical functions in man. Springer Science & Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7741-2

Martens MA, Jungers MK, Steele AL. (2011). Effect of musical experience on verbal memory in William’s syndrome: evidence from a novel word learning task. Neuropsychologia. 49(11), 3093-102. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.016

Milovanov, R., Huotilainen, M., Välimäki, V., Esquef, P. A., & Tervaniemi, M. (2008). Musical aptitude and second language pronunciation skills in school-aged children: neural and behavioral evidence. Brain research, 1194, 81-89. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.042

Moore, E., Branigan, H. & Overy, K. (2017). Exploring the role of auditory-motor synchronisation in the transfer of music to language skills in dyslexia. Outstanding Poster Award talk at Neurosciences and Music VI conference.

Moreno, S. (2009). Can music influence language and cognition? Contemporary Music Review, 28(3), 329-345. doi: 10.1080/07494460903404410

Overy, K., Nicolson, R.I., Fawcett, A.J., & Clarke, E.F. (2003). Dyslexia and music: Measuring musical timing skills. Dyslexia, 9(1), 18-36. doi: 10.1002/dys.233

Overy, K. (2000). Dyslexia, temporal processing and music: The potential of music as an early learning aid for dyslexic children. Psychology of music, 28(2), 218-229. doi: 10.1177/0305735600282010

Saffran, J. R. (2003). Statistical language learning mechanisms and constraints. Current directions in psychological science, 12(4), 110-114. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.01243

Sandiford, G. A., Mainess, K. J., & Daher, N. S. (2013). A pilot study on the efficacy of melodic based communication therapy for eliciting speech in nonverbal children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(6), 1298-1307. doi: 10.1007/s10803-012-1672-z

Saylor S, Sidener TM, Reeve SA, Fetherston A, Progar PR. (2012). Effects of three types of noncontingent auditory stimulation on vocal stereotypy in children with autism. J Appl Behav Anal. 45(1),185-90. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2012.45-185

Schön, D., Boyer, M., Moreno, S., Besson, M., Peretz, I., & Kolinsky, R. (2008). Songs as an aid for language acquisition. Cognition, 106(2), 975-983. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.005

Sharda, M., Tuerk, C., Chowdhury, R. Jamey, K., Foster, N., Custo-Blanch, M., … & Hyde, K. (2018). Music improves social communication and auditory–motor connectivity in children with autism. Translational Psychiatry, 8, 231. doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0287-3

Simpson, K., Keen, D., & Lamb, J. (2013). The use of music to engage children with autism in a receptive labelling task. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1489-1496. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.08.013

Slevc, L. R., Faroqi-Shah, Y., Saxena, S., & Okada, B. M. (2016). Preserved processing of musical structure in a person with agrammatic aphasia. Neurocase 22(6), 505–511. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1177090

Trainor, L. J., Shahin, A., & Roberts, L. E. (2003). Effects of musical training on the auditory cortex in children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999(1), 506-513. doi: 10.1196/annals1284.061

Wan, C. et al. (2011). The therapeutic effects of singing in neurological disorders. Music Perception, 27(4), 287-295. doi: 10.1525/mp.2010.27.4.287

Wan, C. Y., & Schlaug, G. (2010). Neural pathways for language in autism: the potential for music-based treatments. Future neurology, 5(6), 797-805. doi: 10.2217/fnl.10.55

Zuk, J., Bishop-Liebler, P., Ozernov-Palchik, O., Moore, E., Overy, K., Welch, G., & Gaab, N. (2017). Revisiting the “enigma” of musicians with dyslexia: Auditory sequencing and speech abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(4), 495. doi: 10.1037/xge0000281

** Cochlear implant:

Fu, Q.-J., Galvin, J. J., Wang, X., & Wu, J. L. (2015). Benefits of music training in Mandarin-speaking pediatric cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58(1), 163–169. doi: 10.1044/2014_JSLHR-H-14-0127

Gfeller, K. (2016). Music-based training for pediatric CI recipients: A systematic analysis of published studies. European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, 12th European Symposium on Pediatric Cochlear Implant (ESPCI 2015) 133(Suppl. 1), S50–S56. doi: 10.1016/j.anorl.2016.01.010

Petersen, B., Weed, E., Sandmann, P., Brattico, E., Hansen, M., Sørensen, S. D., & Vuust, P. (2015). Brain responses to musical feature changes in adolescent cochlear implant users. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00007

Saliba, J., Bortfeld, H., Levitin, D. J., & Oghalai, J. S. (2016). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy for neuroimaging in cochlear implant recipients. Hearing Research, 338(Suppl. C), 64–75. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.02.005

Cognition

Musical Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT)

Andrews, M.W. & Dowling, W.J. (1991). The development of perception of interleaved melodies and control of auditory attention. Music Perception, 8(4), 349-368. doi: 10.2307/40285518

Breitling, D. et al. 1987. Auditory perception of music measured by brain electrical activity mapping. Neuropsychologia, 25, 765-774. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(87)90114-X

Castro, M., Tillmann, B., Luauté, J., Corneyllie, A., Dailler, F., André-Obadia, N., & Perrin, F. (2015). Boosting cognition with music in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 29(8), 734-742. doi: 10.1177/1545968314565464

Cooke, M. L., Moyle, W., Shum, D. H., Harrison, S. D., & Murfield, J. E. (2010). A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia. Aging and mental health, 14(8), 905-916. doi: 10.1080/13607861003713190

Cox, A. (2016). Music and embodied cognition. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Graham, Janet. (2004). Communication with the uncommunicative: Music therapy with pre-verbal adults. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 32(1), 24-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3156.2004.00247.x

Gregory, D. (2003). Music listening for maintaining attention of older adults with cognitive impairments. Journal of Music Therapy, 39 (4), 244-264. doi: 10.1093/jmt/39.4.244

Gronwall, D. (1977). Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 367-373. doi: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.2.367

Hammar, L. M., Götell, E., & Engström, G. (2011). Singing while caring for persons with dementia. Arts & Health, 3(01), 39-50. doi: 10.1080/17533015.2010.481289

Jones, M.R. (1992). Attending to musical events. In M.R. Jones & S. Holleran (Eds.), Cognitive Bases of Musical Communication (pp. 91-110). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10104-006

Korhan, E. A., Khorshid, L., & Uyar, M. (2011). The effect of music therapy on physiological signs of anxiety in patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. Journal of clinical nursing, 20(7‐8), 1026-1034. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03434.x Ci

Lee, H., & Noppeney, U. (2011). Long-term music training tunes how the brain temporally binds signals from multiple senses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(51), E1441-E1450. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115267108

Magee WL. (2005). Music therapy with patients in low awareness states: approaches to assessment and treatment in multidisciplinary care. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 15(3-4), 522-36. doi:10.1080/09602010443000461

Magee, WL. (2007). Music as a diagnostic tool in low awareness states: Considering limbic responses. Brain Injury, 21, 593-599. doi: 10.1080/02699050701426907

Noda, R., Maeda, Y., & Yoshino, A. (2004). Therapeutic time window for musicokinetic therapy in a persistent vegetative state after severe brain damage. Brain Injury, 18 (5), 509-515. doi:10.1080/02699050310001645810

Ogata, S. (1995). Human EEG responses to classical music and simulated white noise: effects of a musical loudness component on consciousness. Perceptual and motor skills, 80(3), 779-790. doi: 10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.779

Okumura, Y., Asano, Y., Takenaka, S., Fukuyama, S., Yonezawa, S., Kasuya, Y., & Shinoda, J. (2014). Brain activation by music in patients in a vegetative or minimally conscious state following diffuse brain injury. Brain injury, 28(7), 944-950. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.888477

Parenté, R., & Herrmann, D. (1996). Retraining Memory Strategies. Topics in Language Disorders, 17(1), 45-57.

Park, S., Williams, R. A., & Lee, D. (2016). Effect of preferred music on agitation after traumatic brain injury. Western journal of nursing research, 38(4), 394-410. doi: 10.1177/0193945915593180

Petacchi, A., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Bower, J. M. (2005). Cerebellum and auditory function: An ALE meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Human brain mapping, 25(1), 118-128. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20137

Purdie, H. (1997). Music therapy in neurorehabilitation: Recent developments and new challenges. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 9, 205-217. doi: 10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v9.i3-4.20

Sacks, O. (1998). Music and the Brain. In C.M. Tomaino (Ed.), Clinical Applications of Music in Neurologic Rehabilitation (pp. 1-18). St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Sung, H. C., Lee, W. L., Li, T. L., & Watson, R. (2012). A group music intervention using percussion instruments with familiar music to reduce anxiety and agitation of institutionalized older adults with dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 27(6), 621-627. doi: 10.1002/gps.2761

Musical Neglect Training (MNT)

Abiru, M., Mihara, Y., Kikuchi, Y., et al. (2007). The effects of Neurologic music therapy on hemispatial neglect in a hemiparetic stroke patient. A case study. Neurological Medicine, 67(1), 88-94.

Andrews, M.W. & Dowling, W.J. (1991). The development of perception of interleaved melodies and control of auditory attention. Music Perception, 8(4), 349-368. doi: 10.2307/40285518

Bernardi, N. F., Cioffi, M. C., Ronchi, R., Maravita, A., Bricolo, E., Zigiotto, L., … & Vallar, G. (2017). Improving left spatial neglect through music scale playing. Journal of neuropsychology, 11, 135-15. doi: 10.1111/jnp.12078

Bodak, R., Malhotra, P., Bernardi, N. F., Cocchini, G., & Stewart, L. (2014). Reducing chronic visuo-spatial neglect following right hemisphere stroke through instrument playing. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 413. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00413

Frassinetti, F., Pavani, F., & Ladavas, E. (2002). Acoustical vision of neglected stimuli: interaction among spatially converging audiovisual inputs in neglect patients. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14(1), 62-69. doi: 10.1162/089892902317205320

Giacobbe, G.A. (1972). Rhythm builds order in brain-damaged children. Music Educators Journal, 58, 40-43.

Guilbert, A., Clément, S., & Moroni, C. (2014). Hearing and music in unilateral spatial neglect neuro-rehabilitation. Frontiers in psychology, 5. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01503

Guilbert, A., Clement, S., & Moroni, C. (2017). A rehabilitation program based on music practice for patients with unilateral spatial neglect: A single-case study. Neurocase 23(1), 12–21. doi: 10.1080/13554794.2016.1265652

Hommel, M., Peres, B., Pollak, P., Memin, B., Besson, G., Gaio, J. M., & Perret, J. (1990). Effects of passive tactile and auditory stimuli on left visual neglect. Archives of Neurology, 47(5), 573-576. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1990.00530050097018

Ishihara, M., Revol, P., Jacquin-Courtois, S., Mayet, R., Rode, G., Boisson, D., … & Rossetti, Y. (2013). Tonal cues modulate line bisection performance: preliminary evidence for a new rehabilitation prospect? Frontiers in psychology, 4, 704. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00704

Jakobson, L. S., Cuddy, L. L., & Kilgour, A. R. (2003). Time tagging: A key to musicians’ superior memory. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 20(3), 307-313. doi: 10.1525/mp.2003.20.3.307

Janata, P., Tomic, S.T., & Rakowski, S.K. (2007). Characterization of music-evoked autobiographical memories. Memory, 15, 845-860. doi: 10.1080/09658210701734593

Kang, K., & Thaut, M. H. (2019). Musical neglect training for chronic persistent unilateral visual neglect post-stroke. Frontiers in Neurology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00474

Purdie, H. (1997). Music therapy in neurorehabilitation: recent developments and new challenges. Critical Reviews™ in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 9(3-4). doi: 10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v9.i3-4.20

Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1989). The Seashore Rhythm test and brain functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3(1), 70-78. doi: 10.1080/13854048908404078

Robertson, IH., Manly T., Beschin, N., Daini, R., Haeske-Dewick, H., Homberg, V., Jehkonen, M., Pizzamiglio, G., Shiel, A., Weber, E. (1997). Auditory sustained attention is a marker of unilateral spatial neglect. Neuropsychologia, 35(12), 1527-32.

Soto, D., Funes, M. J., Guzmán-García, A., Warbrick, T., Rotshtein, P., & Humphreys, G. W. (2009). Pleasant music overcomes the loss of awareness in patients with visual neglect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(14), 6011-6016. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811681106

Tsai, P. L., Chen, M. C., Huang, Y. T., Lin, K. C., Chen, K. L., & Hsu, Y. W. (2013). Listening to classical music ameliorates unilateral neglect after stroke. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(3), 328-335. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2013.006312

Auditory Perception Training (APT)

Andrews, M.W. & Dowling, W.J. (1991). The development of perception of interleaved melodies and control of auditory attention. Music Perception, 8(4), 349-368. doi: 10.2307/40285518

Berger, K. A. (2013). Praxis and autism: the psychomotor regulation sensory processing dimension—a report from the field. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 129. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00129

Bettison, S. (1996). The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26(3), 361-375. doi: 10.1007/BF02172480

Biswas, A., Hegde, S., Jhunjhunwala, K., & Pal, P. K. (2016). Two sides of the same coin: Impairment in perception of temporal components of rhythm and cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. Basal Ganglia 6(1), 63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.baga.2015.12.001

Breitling, D. et al. 1987. Auditory perception of music measured by brain electrical activity mapping. Neuropsychologia, 25, 765-774. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(87)90114-X

Brincker, M., & Torres, E. B. (2013). Noise from the periphery in autism. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 34. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00034

DePape, A. M. R., Hall, G. B., Tillmann, B., & Trainor, L. J. (2012). Auditory processing in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. PloS one, 7(9), e44084. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044084

Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantey C., Trainor, LJ. (2006). One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain, 129, 2593-608. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl247

Furukawa, Y., Uehara, K., & Furuya, S. (2017). Expertise-dependent motor somatotopy of music perception. Neuroscience Letters 650, 97–102. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.033

Gfeller, K., Jiang, D., Oleson, J. J., Driscoll, V., Olszewski, C., Knutson, J. F., … & Gantz, B. (2012). The effects of musical and linguistic components in recognition of real-world musical excerpts by cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults. Journal of music therapy, 49(1), 68-101. doi: 10.1093/jmt/49.1.68

Gfeller, K., Woodworth, G., Robin, D.A., Witt, S., & Knutson, J.F. (1997). Perception of rhythmic and sequential pitch patterns by normally hearing adults and adult cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 18, 252-260.

Giacobbe, G.A. (1972). Rhythm builds order in brain-damaged children. Music Educators Journal, 58, 40-43.

Habibi, A., Cahn, B. R., Damasio, A., & Damasio, H. (2016). Neural correlates of accelerated auditory processing in children engaged in music training. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.04.003

Habibi, A., Damasio, A., Ilari, B., Veiga, R., Joshi, A. A., Leahy, R. M., … Damasio, H. (2017). Childhood music training induces change in micro and macroscopic brain structure: Results from a longitudinal study. Cerebral Cortex, 1–12. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx286

Hannon, E. E., Nave-Blodgett, J. E., & Nave, K. M. (2018). The developmental origins of the perception and production of musical rhythm. Child Development Perspectives. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12285

Heaton, P., Hermelin, B., & Pring, L. (1988). Autism and pitch processing: A precursor for savant musical ability? Music Perception, 15, 291-305. doi: 10.2307/40285769

Hubbard, T. L. (2018). Some methodological and conceptual considerations in studies of auditory imagery. Auditory Perception and Cognition, 1, 6–41. doi: 10.1080/25742442.2018.1499001

Janata, P., Tomic, S.T., & Rakowski, S.K. (2007). Characterization of music-evoked autobiographical memories. Memory, 15, 845-860. doi: 10.1080/09658210701734593

Jones, C., Richard, N., & Thaut, M. (2021). Investigating music-based cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with moderate to severe chronic acquired brain injury: A feasibility experiment. NeuroRehabilitation, 48(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-208015

Jung, K. H., Won, J. H., Drennan, W. R., Jameyson, E., Miyasaki, G., Norton, S. J., & Rubinstein, J. T. (2012). Psychoacoustic performance and music and speech perception in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants. Audiology and Neurotology, 17(3), 189-197. doi: 10.1159/000336407

Loui, P., Grent-‘t-Jong, T., Torpey, D., Woldorff, M. (2005). Effects of attention on the neural processing of harmonic syntax in Western Music. Cognitive Brain Research, 25 (3), 678-87. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.019

Marques, C., Moreno, S., Castro, S. L., & Besson, M. (2007). Musicians detect pitch violation in a foreign language better than nonmusicians: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(9), 1453-1463. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1453

Mitani, C., Nakata, T., Trehub, S. E., Kanda, Y., Kumagami, H., Takasaki, K., … & Takahashi, H. (2007). Music recognition, music listening, and word recognition by deaf children with cochlear implants. Ear and Hearing, 28(2), 29S-33S. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e318031547a

Morton, L.L., Kershner, J.R., & Siegel, L.S. (1990). The potential for therapeutic applications of music on problems related to memory and attention. Journal of Music Therapy, 26, 58-70. doi: 10.1093/jmt/27.4.195

Parbery-Clark, A., Skoe, E., Lam, C., & Kraus, N. (2009). Musician enhancement for speech-in-noise. Ear Hear, 30, 653-61. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181b412e9

Petersen, B., Mortensen, M. V., Gjedde, A., & Vuust, P. (2009). Reestablishing speech understanding through musical ear training after cochlear implantation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169(1), 437-440. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04796.x

Purdie, H. (1997). Music therapy in neurorehabilitation: Recent developments and new challenges. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 9, 205-217. doi: 10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.v9.i3-4.20

Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1989). The Seashore Rhythm test and brain functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 3(1), 70-78.

Robin, D.A., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. (1990). Auditory perception of temporal and spectral events in patients with focal left and right cerebral lesions. Brain and Language, 39, 539-555. doi: 10.1080/13854048908404078

Sacks, O. (1998). Music and the Brain. In C.M. Tomaino (Ed.), Clinical Applications of Music in Neurologic Rehabilitation (pp. 1-18). St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Torres, E. B., Brincker, M., Isenhower, R. W., Yanovich, P., Stigler, K. A., Nurnberger, J. I., … & José, J. V. (2013). Autism: the micro-movement perspective. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 32. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00032

Torres, E. B., Yanovich, P., & Metaxas, D. N. (2013). Give spontaneity and self-discovery a chance in ASD: spontaneous peripheral limb variability as a proxy to evoke centrally driven intentional acts. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7, 46. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00046

van Besouw, R. M., Howard, D. M., & Ternström, S. (2005). Towards an understanding of speech and song perception. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 30(3-4), 129-135. doi: 10.1080/14015430500262160

Musical Attention Control Training (MACT)

Andrews, M.W. & Dowling, W.J. (1991). The development of perception of interleaved melodies and control of auditory attention. Music Perception, 8(4), 349-368. doi: 10.2307/40285518

Barrow, I.M, Collins, J.N., & Britt, L.D. (2006). The influence of an auditory distraction on rapid naming after a mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study. Journal of Trauma- Injury Infection & Critical Care, 61, 1142-1149. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000241238.70269.c1

Ben-Pazi, H., Gross-Tsur, V., Bergman, H., Shalev, R.S., (2003). Abnormal rhythmic motor response in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 45.743-745. doi: 10.1017/S0012162203001385

Bonnel, A. M., Faita, F., Peretz, I., & Besson, M. (2001). Divided attention between lyrics and tunes of operatic songs: Evidence for independent processing. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 63(7), 1201-1213. doi: 10.3758/BF03194534

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Musical Mnemonics Training (MMT)

Agres, K., Abdallah, S., & Pearce, M. T. (2018). Information-theoretic properties of auditory sequences dynamically influence expectation and memory. Cognitive Science 42(1), 43–76. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12477

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Associative Mood and Memory Training (AMMT)

Alonso, I., Dellacherie, D., & Samson, S. (2015). Emotional memory for musical excerpts in young and older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 23. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00023

Bailey, J. A., & Penhune, V. B. (2010). Rhythm synchronization performance and auditory working memory in early- and late-trained musicians. Experimental Brain Research, 204(1), 91–101. doi: 10.1007/s00221-010-2299-y

Basaglia-Pappas, S., Laterza, M., Borg, C., Richard-Mornas, A., Favre, E., & Thomas-Antérion, C. (2013). Exploration of verbal and non-verbal semantic knowledge and autobiographical memories starting from popular songs in Alzheimer’s disease. International psychogeriatrics, 25(05), 785-795. doi: 10.1017/S1041610212002359

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Ferreri, L., & Verga, L. (2016). Benefits of music on verbal learning and memory. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 34(2), 167–182. doi: 10.1525/mp.2016.34.2.167

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Impellizzeri, F., Leonardi, S., Latella, D., Maggio, M. G., Foti Cuzzola, M., Russo, M., Sessa, E., Bramanti, P., De Luca, R., & Calabrò, R. S. (2020). An integrative cognitive rehabilitation using neurologic music therapy in multiple sclerosis. Medicine, 99(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000018866

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Sensorimotor

Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS)

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